(i) Evolutionary psychology does not claim that observable human behavior is adaptive, but rather that it is produced by psychological mechanisms that are adaptations. The output of an adaptation need not be adaptive. (ii) Nor does evolutionary psychology imply that an adaptation must result in cross-cultural universals in human behavior. The evolved mechanisms may be designed to be environmentally sensitive, may operate unexpectedly in unanticipated environments, or may not develop at all if not properly triggered. It is only in the absence of such defeaters that cross-culturality might be expected. This noted, cross-culturality can be offered as evidence of innateness in the absence of any better hypothesis indicating a universally present exogenous explanans.(iii) Though preserving …—— 引自第5页
But let’s put into the midst of this population a few helpful individuals. In performing helpful behaviors toward non-kin, helpers lower their own reproductive capacity. Let’s say that they sacrifice 9 percent of their reproductive capacity in order to help 10 of their comrades get a boost of 0.4—that distribution of benefits being uniform and undiscriminating of whether the recipient is helper or non-helper. If we put 10 such characters into the mix, then 100 individuals will get their capacity boosted by 0.4. And since the distribution is uniform, five of those 100 will be helpers. We end up with the following spread of reproductive capacities in our population: five helpers with a reproductive rate of 1.4, five with a rate of 1.0, 95 unhelpful individuals with a rate of 1.5, and 95 on t…—— 引自章节：1.6 助他行为的自然选择
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