Fandom as such is not a problem, if the researcher, who is also a fan of his objects of study, manages to maintain critical reflexivity. … In a lot of contemporary works on popular culture, one gets the impression that scholars want to rationalize their own fandom and their love for commodity culture by trying to identify progressive political aspects of the consumption and logic of cultural commodities. Because they like spending their work time and free time consuming popular culture, they tend to justify this behaviour as a form of politicalmovement itself. Most intellectuals are probably fond of some type of popular culture, but it makes a difference whether one sees and celebrates this fondness as an act of resistance or not.—— 引自第59页
Is Online Fascism Participatory Culture?…www.ultras.ws is a discussion forum of the Ultras soccer fan movement. One can find anti-Semitic and racist jokes in the forum, and in a survey conducted in the forum 56% said that it is no problem if fans shout "Jews" for characterizaing opposing teams. The following joke is typical and no exception, but rather the rule, in this forum: "How do you get 30 Jews into a Trabi [=a small car common in East Germany under Soviet times]? Two in the front, three in the back and the rest in the ashtray." The concept of participatory culture has a focus on "community involvement"… However, it idealizes community and fan culture as progressive and ignores the fact that the collective intelligence and activity of cultural communities and fandom can easily …—— 引自第60页
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