Object-Oriented Software Construction

书名：Object-Oriented Software Construction2ndedition
作者：BertrandMeyer
译者：
ISBN：9780136291558
出版社：PrenticeHall
出版时间：2000-03-21
格式：epub/mobi/azw3/pdf
页数：1250
豆瓣评分：

书籍简介：

Contents Preface V Foreword To The Second Edition Xiii About The Accompanying Cd-Rom Xiv On The Bibliography, Internet Sources And Exercises Xv Contents Xvii Part A: The Issues 1 Chapter 1: Software Quality 3 1.1 External And Internal Factors 3 1.2 A Review Of External Factors 4 1.3 About Software Maintenance 17 1.4 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 19 1.5 Bibliographical Notes 19 Chapter 2: Criteria Of Object Orientation 21 2.1 On The Criteria 21 2.2 Method And Language 22 2.3 Implementation And Environment 31 2.4 Libraries 33 2.5 For More Sneak Preview 34 2.6 Bibliographical Notes And Object Resources 34 Part B: The Road To Object Orientation 37 Chapter 3: Modularity 39 3.1 Five Criteria 40 3.2 Five Rules 46 3.3 Five Principles 53 3.4 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 64 3.5 Bibliographical Notes 64 Exercises 65 Chapter 4: Approaches To Reusability 67 4.1 The Goals Of Reusability 68 4.2 What Should We Reuse? 70 4.3 Repetition In Software Development 74 4.4 Non-Technical Obstacles 74 4.5 The Technical Problem 81 4.6 Five Requirements On Module Structures 83 4.7 Traditional Modular Structures 89 4.8 Overloading And Genericity 93 4.9 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 98 4.10 Bibliographical Notes 99 Chapter 5: Towards Object Technology 101 5.1 The Ingredients Of Computation 101 5.2 Functional Decomposition 103 5.3 Object-Based Decomposition 114 5.4 Object-Oriented Software Construction 116 5.5 Issues 117 5.6 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 119 5.7 Bibliographical Notes 119 Chapter 6: Abstract Data Types 121 6.1 Criteria 122 6.2 Implementation Variations 122 6.3 Towards An Abstract View Of Objects 126 6.4 Formalizing The Specification 129 6.5 From Abstract Data Types To Classes 142 6.6 Beyond Software 147 6.7 Supplementary Topics 148 6.8 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 159 6.9 Bibliographical Notes 160 Exercises 161 Part C: Object-Oriented Techniques 163 Chapter 7: The Static Structure: Classes 165 7.1 Objects Are Not The Subject 165 7.2 Avoiding The Standard Confusion 166 7.3 The Role Of Classes 169 7.4 A Uniform Type System 171 7.5 A Simple Class 172 7.6 Basic Conventions 177 7.7 The Object-Oriented Style Of Computation 181 7.8 Selective Exports And Information Hiding 191 7.9 Putting Everything Together 194 7.10 Discussion 203 7.11 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 213 7.12 Bibliographical Notes 215 Exercises 216 Chapter 8: The Run-Time Structure: Objects 217 8.1 Objects 218 8.2 Objects As A Modeling Tool 228 8.3 Manipulating Objects And References 231 8.4 Creation Procedures 236 8.5 More On References 240 8.6 Operations On References 242 8.7 Composite Objects And Expanded Types 254 8.8 Attachment: Reference And Value Semantics 261 8.9 Dealing With References: Benefits And Dangers 265 8.10 Discussion 270 8.11 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 276 8.12 Bibliographical Notes 277 Exercises 277 Chapter 9: Memory Management 279 9.1 What Happens To Objects 279 9.2 The Casual Approach 291 9.3 Reclaiming Memory: The Issues 293 9.4 Programmer-Controlled Deallocation 294 9.5 The Component-Level Approach 297 9.6 Automatic Memory Management 301 9.7 Reference Counting 302 9.8 Garbage Collection 304 9.9 Practical Issues Of Garbage Collection 309 9.10 An Environment With Memory Management 312 9.11 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 315 9.12 Bibliographical Notes 315 Exercises 316 Chapter 10: Genericity 317 10.1 Horizontal And Vertical Type Generalization 317 10.2 The Need For Type Parameterization 318 10.3 Generic Classes 320 10.4 Arrays 325 10.5 The Cost Of Genericity 328 10.6 Discussion: Not Done Yet 329 10.7 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 329 10.8 Bibliographical Notes 330 Exercises 330 Chapter 11: Design By Contract: Building Reliable Software 331 11.1 Basic Reliability Mechanisms 332 11.2 About Software Correctness 333 11.3 Expressing A Specification 334 11.4 Introducing Assertions Into Software Texts 337 11.5 Preconditions And Postconditions 338 11.6 Contracting For Software Reliability 341 11.7 Working With Assertions 348 11.8 Class Invariants 363 11.9 When Is A Class Correct? 369 11.10 The Adt Connection 373 11.11 An Assertion Instruction 378 11.12 Loop Invariants And Variants 380 11.13 Using Assertions 389 11.14 Discussion 398 11.15 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 406 11.16 Bibliographical Notes 407 Exercises 408 Postscript: The Ariane 5 Failure 410 Chapter 12: When The Contract Is Broken: Exception Handling 411 12.1 Basic Concepts Of Exception Handling 411 12.2 Handling Exceptions 414 12.3 An Exception Mechanism 419 12.4 Exception Handling Examples 422 12.5 The Task Of A Rescue Clause 427 12.6 Advanced Exception Handling 431 12.7 Discussion 435 12.8 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 437 12.9 Bibliographical Notes 438 Exercises 438 Chapter 13: Supporting Mechanisms 439 13.1 Interfacing With Non-O-O Software 439 13.2 Argument Passing 444 13.3 Instructions 447 13.4 Expressions 452 13.5 Strings 456 13.6 Input And Output 457 13.7 Lexical Conventions 457 13.8 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 458 Exercises 458 Chapter 14: Introduction To Inheritance 459 14.1 Polygons And Rectangles 460 14.2 Polymorphism 467 14.3 Typing For Inheritance 472 14.4 Dynamic Binding 480 14.5 Deferred Features And Classes 482 14.6 Redeclaration Techniques 491 14.7 The Meaning Of Inheritance 494 14.8 The Role Of Deferred Classes 500 14.9 Discussion 507 14.10 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 516 14.11 Bibliographical Notes 517 Exercises 517 Chapter 15: Multiple Inheritance 519 15.1 Examples Of Multiple Inheritance 519 15.2 Feature Renaming 535 15.3 Flattening The Structure 541 15.4 Repeated Inheritance 543 15.5 Discussion 563 15.6 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 566 15.7 Bibliographical Notes 567 Exercises 567 Chapter 16: Inheritance Techniques 569 16.1 Inheritance And Assertions 569 16.2 The Global Inheritance Structure 580 16.3 Frozen Features 583 16.4 Constrained Genericity 585 16.5 Assignment Attempt 591 16.6 Typing And Redeclaration 595 16.7 Anchored Declaration 598 16.8 Inheritance And Information Hiding 605 16.9 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 609 16.10 Bibliographical Note 610 Exercises 610 Chapter 17: Typing 611 17.1 The Typing Problem 611 17.2 Static Typing: Why And How 615 17.3 Covariance And Descendant Hiding 621 17.4 First Approaches To System Validity 628 17.5 Relying On Anchored Types 630 17.6 Global Analysis 633 17.7 Beware Of Polymorphic Catcalls! 636 17.8 An Assessment 639 17.9 The Perfect Fit 640 17.10 Key Concepts Studied In This Chapter 641 17.11 Bibliographical Notes 641 Chapter 18: Global Objects And Constants 643 18.1 Constants Of Basic Types 643 18.2 Use Of Constants 645 18.3 Constants Of Class Types 646 18.4 Applications Of Once Routines 648 18.5 Constants Of String Type 653 18.6 Unique Values 654 18.7 Discussion 656 18.8 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 659 18.9 Bibliographical Notes 660 Exercises 660 Part D: Object-Oriented Methodology: Applying The Method Well 661 Chapter 19: On Methodology 663 19.1 Software Methodology: Why And What 663 19.2 Devising Good Rules: Advice To The Advisors 664 19.3 On Using Metaphors 671 19.4 The Importance Of Being Humble 673 19.5 Bibliographical Notes 674 Exercises 674 Chapter 20: Design Pattern: Multi-Panel Interactive Systems 675 20.1 Multi-Panel Systems 675 20.2 A Simple-Minded Attempt 677 20.3 A Functional, Top-Down Solution 678 20.4 A Critique Of The Solution 682 20.5 An Object-Oriented Architecture 684 20.6 Discussion 693 20.7 Bibliographical Note 694 Chapter 21: Inheritance Case Study: “undo” In An Interactive System 695 21.1 Perseverare Diabolicum 695 21.2 Finding The Abstractions 699 21.3 Multi-Level Undo-Redo 704 21.4 Implementation Aspects 707 21.5 A User Interface For Undoing And Redoing 711 21.6 Discussion 712 21.7 Bibliographical Notes 715 Exercises 715 Chapter 22: How To Find The Classes 719 22.1 Studying A Requirements Document 720 22.2 Danger Signals 726 22.3 General Heuristics For Finding Classes 731 22.4 Other Sources Of Classes 735 22.5 Reuse 740 22.6 The Method For Obtaining Classes 741 22.7 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 743 22.8 Bibliographical Notes 744 Chapter 23: Principles Of Class Design 747 23.1 Side Effects In Functions 748 23.2 How Many Arguments For A Feature? 764 23.3 Class Size: The Shopping List Approach 770 23.4 Active Data Structures 774 23.5 Selective Exports 796 23.6 Dealing With Abnormal Cases 797 23.7 Class Evolution: The Obsolete Clause 802 23.8 Documenting A Class And A System 803 23.9 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 806 23.10 Bibliographical Notes 806 Exercises 807 Chapter 24: Using Inheritance Well 809 24.1 How Not To Use Inheritance 809 24.2 Would You Rather Buy Or Inherit? 812 24.3 An Application: The Handle Technique 817 24.4 Taxomania 820 24.5 Using Inheritance: A Taxonomy Of Taxonomy 822 24.6 One Mechanism, Or More? 833 24.7 Subtype Inheritance And Descendant Hiding 835 24.8 Implementation Inheritance 844 24.9 Facility Inheritance 847 24.10 Multiple Criteria And View Inheritance 851 24.11 How To Develop Inheritance Structures 858 24.12 A Summary View: Using Inheritance Well 862 24.13 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 863 24.14 Bibliographical Notes 863 24.15 Appendix: A History Of Taxonomy 864 Exercises 869 Chapter 25: Useful Techniques 871 25.1 Design Philosophy 871 25.2 Classes 872 25.3 Inheritance Techniques 873 Chapter 26: A Sense Of Style 875 26.1 Cosmetics Matters! 875 26.2 Choosing The Right Names 879 26.3 Using Constants 884 26.4 Header Comments And Indexing Clauses 886 26.5 Text Layout And Presentation 891 26.6 Fonts 900 26.7 Bibliographical Notes 901 Exercises 902 Chapter 27: Object-Oriented Analysis 903 27.1 The Goals Of Analysis 903 27.2 The Changing Nature Of Analysis 906 27.3 The Contribution Of Object Technology 907 27.4 Programming A Tv Station 907 27.5 Expressing The Analysis: Multiple Views 914 27.6 Analysis Methods 917 27.7 The Business Object Notation 919 27.8 Bibliography 922 Chapter 28: The Software Construction Process 923 28.1 Clusters 923 28.2 Concurrent Engineering 924 28.3 Steps And Tasks 926 28.4 The Cluster Model Of The Software Lifecycle 926 28.5 Generalization 928 28.6 Seamlessness And Reversibility 930 28.7 With Us, Everything Is The Face 933 28.8 Key Concepts Covered In This Chapter 934 28.9 Bibliographical Notes 934 Chapter 29: Teaching The Method 935 29.1 Industrial Training 935 29.2 Introductory Courses 937 29.3 Other Courses 941 29.4 Towards A New Software Pedagogy 942 29.5 An Object-Oriented Plan 946 29.6 Key Concepts Studied In This Chapter 948 29.7 Bibliographical Notes 948 Part E: Advanced Topics 949 Chapter 30: Concurrency, Distribution, Client-Server And The Internet 951 30.1 A Sneak Preview 951 30.2 The Rise Of Concurrency 953 30.3 From Processes To Objects 956 30.4 Introducing Concurrent Execution 964 30.5 Synchronization Issues 977 30.6 Accessing Separate Objects 982 30.7 Wait Conditions 990 30.8 Requesting Special Service 998 30.9 Examples 1003 30.10 Towards A Proof Rule 1022 30.11 A Summary Of The Mechanism 1025 30.12 Discussion 1028 30.13 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 1032 30.14 Bibliographical Notes 1033 Exercises 1035 Chapter 31: Object Persistence And Databases 1037 31.1 Persistence From The Language 1037 31.2 Beyond Persistence Closure 1039 31.3 Schema Evolution 1041 31.4 From Persistence To Databases 1047 31.5 Object-Relational Interoperability 1048 31.6 Object-Oriented Database Fundamentals 1050 31.7 O-O Database Systems: Examples 1055 31.8 Discussion: Beyond O-O Databases 1058 31.9 Key Concepts Studied In This Chapter 1060 31.10 Bibliographical Notes 1061 Exercises 1062 Chapter 32: Some O-O Techniques For Graphical Interactive Applications 1063 32.1 Needed Tools 1064 32.2 Portability And Platform Adaptation 1066 32.3 Graphical Abstractions 1068 32.4 Interaction Mechanisms 1071 32.5 Handling The Events 1072 32.6 A Mathematical Model 1076 32.7 Bibliographical Notes 1076 Part F: Applying The Method In Various Languages And Environments 1077 Chapter 33: O-O Programming And Ada 1079 33.1 A Bit Of Context 1079 33.2 Packages 1081 33.3 A Stack Implementation 1081 33.4 Hiding The Representation: The Private Story 1085 33.5 Exceptions 1088 33.6 Tasks 1091 33.7 From Ada To Ada 95 1092 33.8 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 1097 33.9 Bibliographical Notes 1097 Exercises 1098 Chapter 34: Emulating Object Technology In Non-O-O Environments 1099 34.1 Levels Of Language Support 1099 34.2 Object-Oriented Programming In Pascal? 1100 34.3 Fortran 1102 34.4 Object-Oriented Programming And C 1106 34.5 Bibliographical Notes 1112 Exercises 1112 Chapter 35: Simula To Java And Beyond: Major O-O Languages And Environments 1113 35.1 Simula 1113 35.2 Smalltalk 1126 35.3 Lisp Extensions 1130 35.4 C Extensions 1131 35.5 Java 1136 35.6 Other O-O Languages 1137 35.7 Bibliographical Notes 1138 Exercises 1139 Part G: Doing It Right 1141 Chapter 36: An Object-Oriented Environment 1143 36.1 Components 1143 36.2 The Language 1144 36.3 The Compilation Technology 1144 36.4 Tools 1148 36.5 Libraries 1150 36.6 Interface Mechanisms 1152 36.7 Bibliographical Notes 1160 Epilogue, In Full Frankness Exposing The Language 1161 Part H: Appendices 1163 Appendix A: Extracts From The Base Libraries 1165 Appendix B: Genericity Versus Inheritance 1167 B.1 Genericity 1168 B.2 Inheritance 1173 B.3 Emulating Inheritance With Genericity 1175 B.4 Emulating Genericity With Inheritance 1176 B.5 Combining Genericity And Inheritance 1184 B.6 Key Concepts Introduced In This Appendix 1187 B.7 Bibliographical Notes 1188 Exercises 1188 Appendix C: Principles, Rules, Precepts And Definitions 1189 Appendix D: A Glossary Of Object Technology 1193 Appendix E: Bibliography 1203 E.1 Works By Other Authors 1203 E.2 Works By The Author Of The Present Book 1221 Index 1225

作者简介：

Bertrand Meyer is Chief Architect of Eiffel Software (based in California, http://eiffel.com) and Professor of Software Engineering at ETH Zurich, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. He is also head of the Software Engineering Laboratory at ITMO University, Saint Petersburg.

He is the initial designer of the Eiffel method and language and has continued to participate in its evolution. He also directed the development of the EiffelStudio environment, compiler, tools and libraries through their successive versions.

His latest book, published in May 2014, is an irreverent, in-depth introduction to agile methods: "Agile! The Good, the Hype and the Ugly", the first book to take a critical look at agile development and sort out the productive and damaging ideas.

His previous book is an influential an introduction to programming, "Touch of Class: Learning to Program Well, Using Object Technology and Contracts", based on more than a decade of teaching introductory programming at ETH and now supported by a MOOC (http://se.ethz.ch/mooc/programming).

Earlier books include "Object-Oriented Software Construction" (a general presentation of object technology, winner of the 1998 Jolt Award); "Eiffel: The Language" (description of the Eiffel language); "Object Success" (a discussion of object technology for managers); "Reusable Software" (a discussion of reuse issues and solutions); "Introduction to the Theory of Programming Languages". He has also authored numerous articles (see publication list) and edited or co-edited several dozen conference proceedings, including the 2005 "Verified Software".

Other activities include: chair of the TOOLS conference series (running since 1989, hosted at ETH since 2007, next year session in Malaga, Spain); director of the LASER summer school on software engineering (taking place every year since 2003 in early September in Elba island, Italy); member, and chair since 2009, of the IFIP TC2 committee (Software technology); member of the IFIP Working Group 2.3 on Programming Methodology; member of the French Academy of Technologies. He is also active as a consultant (object-oriented system design, architectural reviews, technology assessment), trainer in object technology and other software topics, and conference speaker.

Awards include ACM Software System Award, IEEE Harlan D. Mills prize, Fellow of the ACM, Dahl-Nygaard Prize, and an honorary doctorate from ITMO University(Russia).

Prior to founding Eiffel Software in 1985, Meyer had a 9-year technical and managerial career at EDF, and was for three years on the faculty at the University of California. His experience with object technology through the Simula language, as well as early work on abstract data types and formal specification (including participation in the first versions of the Z specification language) provided some of the background for the development of Eiffel.

At ETH Zurich he pursues research on the construction of high-quality software (see Web site of the Chair of Software Engineering at http://se.ethz.ch).

书友短评：

@ Future<T> 毕设翻译。。 @ 野鹤鹤 行文很顺，结构很严谨，好书！ @ 王冬 大厚书 @ 狂气之瞳改 太学术。读着基本两种心情：1.你到底在讲啥？2.好吧我终于搞懂你在讲啥了，可讲了这个又有什么用呢？也许哪天得道后我会再回来打5分。 @ 但說風月 读到的最有深度和广度的OOP书。已上升到哲学高度，就差用集合论标准化所有讨论了。 @ 但說風月 读到的最有深度和广度的OOP书。已上升到哲学高度，就差用集合论标准化所有讨论了。 @ 野鹤鹤 行文很顺，结构很严谨，好书！ @ 狂气之瞳改 太学术。读着基本两种心情：1.你到底在讲啥？2.好吧我终于搞懂你在讲啥了，可讲了这个又有什么用呢？也许哪天得道后我会再回来打5分。 @ Future<T> 毕设翻译。。 @ 王冬 大厚书

Contents
Preface V
Foreword To The Second Edition Xiii
About The Accompanying Cd-Rom Xiv
On The Bibliography, Internet Sources And Exer cises Xv
Contents Xvii
Part A: The Issues 1
Chapter 1: Software Quality 3
1.1 External And Internal Factors 3
1.2 A Review Of External Factors 4
1.3 About Software Maintenance 17
1.4 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 19
1.5 Bibliographical Notes 19
Chapter 2: Criteria Of Object Orientation 21
2.1 On The Criteria 21
2.2 Method And Language 22
2.3 Implementation And Environment 31
2.4 Libraries 33
2.5 For More Sneak Preview 34
2.6 Bibliographical Notes And Object Resources 34
Part B: The Road To Object Orientation 37
Chapter 3: Modularity 39
3.1 Five Criteria 40
3.2 Five Rules 46
3.3 Five Principles 53
3.4 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 64
3.5 Bibliographical Notes 64
Exercises 65
Chapter 4: Approaches To Reusability 67
4.1 The Goals Of Reusability 68
4.2 What Should We Reuse? 70
4.3 Repetition In Software Development 74
4.4 Non-Technical Obstacles 74
4.5 The Technical Problem 81
4.6 Five Requirements On Module Structures 83
4.7 Traditional Modular Structures 89
4.8 Overloading And Genericity 93
4.9 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 98
4.10 Bibliographical Notes 99
Chapter 5: Towards Object Technology 101
5.1 The Ingredients Of Computation 101
5.2 Functional Decomposition 103
5.3 Object-Based Decomposition 114
5.4 Object-Oriented Software Construction 116
5.5 Issues 117
5.6 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 119
5.7 Bibliographical Notes 119
Chapter 6: Abstract Data Types 121
6.1 Criteria 122
6.2 Implementation Variations 122
6.3 Towards An Abstract View Of Objects 126
6.4 Formalizing The Specification 129
6.5 From Abstract Data Types To Classes 142
6.6 Beyond Software 147
6.7 Supplementary Topics 148
6.8 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 159
6.9 Bibliographical Notes 160
Exercises 161
Part C: Object-Oriented Techniques 163
Chapter 7: The Static Structure: Classes 165
7.1 Objects Are Not The Subject 165
7.2 Avoiding The Standard Confusion 166
7.3 The Role Of Classes 169
7.4 A Uniform Type System 171
7.5 A Simple Class 172
7.6 Basic Conventions 177
7.7 The Object-Oriented Style Of Computation 181
7.8 Selective Exports And Information Hiding 191
7.9 Putting Everything Together 194
7.10 Discussion 203
7.11 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 213
7.12 Bibliographical Notes 215
Exercises 216
Chapter 8: The Run-Time Structure: Objects 217
8.1 Objects 218
8.2 Objects As A Modeling Tool 228
8.3 Manipulating Objects And References 231
8.4 Creation Procedures 236
8.5 More On References 240
8.6 Operations On References 242
8.7 Composite Objects And Expanded Types 254
8.8 Attachment: Reference And Value Semantics 261
8.9 Dealing With References: Benefits And Dangers 265
8.10 Discussion 270
8.11 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 276
8.12 Bibliographical Notes 277
Exercises 277
Chapter 9: Memory Management 279
9.1 What Happens To Objects 279
9.2 The Casual Approach 291
9.3 Reclaiming Memory: The Issues 293
9.4 Programmer-Controlled Deallocation 294
9.5 The Component-Level Approach 297
9.6 Automatic Memory Management 301
9.7 Reference Counting 302
9.8 Garbage Collection 304
9.9 Practical Issues Of Garbage Collection 309
9.10 An Environment With Memory Management 312
9.11 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 315
9.12 Bibliographical Notes 315
Exercises 316
Chapter 10: Genericity 317
10.1 Horizontal And Vertical Type Generalization 317
10.2 The Need For Type Parameterization 318
10.3 Generic Classes 320
10.4 Arrays 325
10.5 The Cost Of Genericity 328
10.6 Discussion: Not Done Yet 329
10.7 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 329
10.8 Bibliographical Notes 330
Exercises 330
Chapter 11: Design By Contract: Building Reliable Software 331
11.1 Basic Reliability Mechanisms 332
11.2 About Software Correctness 333
11.3 Expressing A Specification 334
11.4 Introducing Assertions Into Software Texts 337
11.5 Preconditions And Postconditions 338
11.6 Contracting For Software Reliability 341
11.7 Working With Assertions 348
11.8 Class Invariants 363
11.9 When Is A Class Correct? 369
11.10 The Adt Connection 373
11.11 An Assertion Instruction 378
11.12 Loop Invariants And Variants 380
11.13 Using Assertions 389
11.14 Discussion 398
11.15 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 406
11.16 Bibliographical Notes 407
Exercises 408
Postscript: The Ariane 5 Failure 410
Chapter 12: When The Contract Is Broken: Exception Handling 411
12.1 Basic Concepts Of Exception Handling 411
12.2 Handling Exceptions 414
12.3 An Exception Mechanism 419
12.4 Exception Handling Examples 422
12.5 The Task Of A Rescue Clause 427
12.6 Advanced Exception Handling 431
12.7 Discussion 435
12.8 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 437
12.9 Bibliographical Notes 438
Exercises 438
Chapter 13: Supporting Mechanisms 439
13.1 Interfacing With Non-O-O Software 439
13.2 Argument Passing 444
13.3 Instructions 447
13.4 Expressions 452
13.5 Strings 456
13.6 Input And Output 457
13.7 Lexical Conventions 457
13.8 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 458
Exercises 458
Chapter 14: Introduction To Inheritance 459
14.1 Polygons And Rectangles 460
14.2 Polymorphism 467
14.3 Typing For Inheritance 472
14.4 Dynamic Binding 480
14.5 Deferred Features And Classes 482
14.6 Redeclaration Techniques 491
14.7 The Meaning Of Inheritance 494
14.8 The Role Of Deferred Classes 500
14.9 Discussion 507
14.10 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 516
14.11 Bibliographical Notes 517
Exercises 517
Chapter 15: Multiple Inheritance 519
15.1 Examples Of Multiple Inheritance 519
15.2 Feature Renaming 535
15.3 Flattening The Structure 541
15.4 Repeated Inheritance 543
15.5 Discussion 563
15.6 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 566
15.7 Bibliographical Notes 567
Exercises 567
Chapter 16: Inheritance Techniques 569
16.1 Inheritance And Assertions 569
16.2 The Global Inheritance Structure 580
16.3 Frozen Features 583
16.4 Constrained Genericity 585
16.5 Assignment Attempt 591
16.6 Typing And Redeclaration 595
16.7 Anchored Declaration 598
16.8 Inheritance And Information Hiding 605
16.9 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 609
16.10 Bibliographical Note 610
Exercises 610
Chapter 17: Typing 611
17.1 The Typing Problem 611
17.2 Static Typing: Why And How 615
17.3 Covariance And Descendant Hiding 621
17.4 First Approaches To System Validity 628
17.5 Relying On Anchored Types 630
17.6 Global Analysis 633
17.7 Beware Of Polymorphic Catcalls! 636
17.8 An Assessment 639
17.9 The Perfect Fit 640
17.10 Key Concepts Studied In This Chapter 641
17.11 Bibliographical Notes 641
Chapter 18: Global Objects And Constants 643
18.1 Constants Of Basic Types 643
18.2 Use Of Constants 645
18.3 Constants Of Class Types 646
18.4 Applications Of Once Routines 648
18.5 Constants Of String Type 653
18.6 Unique Values 654
18.7 Discussion 656
18.8 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 659
18.9 Bibliographical Notes 660
Exercises 660
Part D: Object-Oriented Methodology:
Applying The Method Well 661
Chapter 19: On Methodology 663
19.1 Software Methodology: Why And What 663
19.2 Devising Good Rules: Advice To The Advisors 664
19.3 On Using Metaphors 671
19.4 The Importance Of Being Humble 673
19.5 Bibliographical Notes 674
Exercises 674
Chapter 20: Design Pattern: Multi-Panel Interactive Systems 675
20.1 Multi-Panel Systems 675
20.2 A Simple-Minded Attempt 677
20.3 A Functional, Top-Down Solution 678
20.4 A Critique Of The Solution 682
20.5 An Object-Oriented Architecture 684
20.6 Discussion 693
20.7 Bibliographical Note 694
Chapter 21: Inheritance Case Study: “undo” In An Interactive
System 695
21.1 Perseverare Diabolicum 695
21.2 Finding The Abstractions 699
21.3 Multi-Level Undo-Redo 704
21.4 Implementation Aspects 707
21.5 A User Interface For Undoing And Redoing 711
21.6 Discussion 712
21.7 Bibliographical Notes 715
Exercises 715
Chapter 22: How To Find The Classes 719
22.1 Studying A Requirements Document 720
22.2 Danger Signals 726
22.3 General Heuristics For Finding Classes 731
22.4 Other Sources Of Classes 735
22.5 Reuse 740
22.6 The Method For Obtaining Classes 741
22.7 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 743
22.8 Bibliographical Notes 744
Chapter 23: Principles Of Class Design 747
23.1 Side Effects In Functions 748
23.2 How Many Arguments For A Feature? 764
23.3 Class Size: The Shopping List Approach 770
23.4 Active Data Structures 774
23.5 Selective Exports 796
23.6 Dealing With Abnormal Cases 797
23.7 Class Evolution: The Obsolete Clause 802
23.8 Documenting A Class And A System 803
23.9 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 806
23.10 Bibliographical Notes 806
Exercises 807
Chapter 24: Using Inheritance Well 809
24.1 How Not To Use Inheritance 809
24.2 Would You Rather Buy Or Inherit? 812
24.3 An Application: The Handle Technique 817
24.4 Taxomania 820
24.5 Using Inheritance: A Taxonomy Of Taxonomy 822
24.6 One Mechanism, Or More? 833
24.7 Subtype Inheritance And Descendant Hiding 835
24.8 Implementation Inheritance 844
24.9 Facility Inheritance 847
24.10 Multiple Criteria And View Inheritance 851
24.11 How To Develop Inheritance Structures 858
24.12 A Summary View: Using Inheritance Well 862
24.13 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 863
24.14 Bibliographical Notes 863
24.15 Appendix: A History Of Taxonomy 864
Exercises 869
Chapter 25: Useful Techniques 871
25.1 Design Philosophy 871
25.2 Classes 872
25.3 Inheritance Techniques 873
Chapter 26: A Sense Of Style 875
26.1 Cosmetics Matters! 875
26.2 Choosing The Right Names 879
26.3 Using Constants 884
26.4 Header Comments And Indexing Clauses 886
26.5 Text Layout And Presentation 891
26.6 Fonts 900
26.7 Bibliographical Notes 901
Exercises 902
Chapter 27: Object-Oriented Analysis 903
27.1 The Goals Of Analysis 903
27.2 The Changing Nature Of Analysis 906
27.3 The Contribution Of Object Technology 907
27.4 Programming A Tv Station 907
27.5 Expressing The Analysis: Multiple Views 914
27.6 Analysis Methods 917
27.7 The Business Object Notation 919
27.8 Bibliography 922
Chapter 28: The Software Construction Process 923
28.1 Clusters 923
28.2 Concurrent Engineering 924
28.3 Steps And Tasks 926
28.4 The Cluster Model Of The Software Lifecycle 926
28.5 Generalization 928
28.6 Seamlessness And Reversibility 930
28.7 With Us, Everything Is The Face 933
28.8 Key Concepts Covered In This Chapter 934
28.9 Bibliographical Notes 934
Chapter 29: Teaching The Method 935
29.1 Industrial Training 935
29.2 Introductory Courses 937
29.3 Other Courses 941
29.4 Towards A New Software Pedagogy 942
29.5 An Object-Oriented Plan 946
29.6 Key Concepts Studied In This Chapter 948
29.7 Bibliographical Notes 948
Part E: Advanced Topics 949
Chapter 30: Concurrency, Distribution, Client-Server And
The Internet 951
30.1 A Sneak Preview 951
30.2 The Rise Of Concurrency 953
30.3 From Processes To Objects 956
30.4 Introducing Concurrent Execution 964
30.5 Synchronization Issues 977
30.6 Accessing Separate Objects 982
30.7 Wait Conditions 990
30.8 Requesting Special Service 998
30.9 Examples 1003
30.10 Towards A Proof Rule 1022
30.11 A Summary Of The Mechanism 1025
30.12 Discussion 1028
30.13 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 1032
30.14 Bibliographical Notes 1033
Exercises 1035
Chapter 31: Object Persistence And Databases 1037
31.1 Persistence From The Language 1037
31.2 Beyond Persistence Closure 1039
31.3 Schema Evolution 1041
31.4 From Persistence To Databases 1047
31.5 Object-Relational Interoperability 1048
31.6 Object-Oriented Database Fundamentals 1050
31.7 O-O Database Systems: Examples 1055
31.8 Discussion: Beyond O-O Databases 1058
31.9 Key Concepts Studied In This Chapter 1060
31.10 Bibliographical Notes 1061
Exercises 1062
Chapter 32: Some O-O Techniques For Graphical Interactive
Applications 1063
32.1 Needed Tools 1064
32.2 Portability And Platform Adaptation 1066
32.3 Graphical Abstractions 1068
32.4 Interaction Mechanisms 1071
32.5 Handling The Events 1072
32.6 A Mathematical Model 1076
32.7 Bibliographical Notes 1076
Part F: Applying The Method In Various
Languages And Environments 1077
Chapter 33: O-O Programming And Ada 1079
33.1 A Bit Of Context 1079
33.2 Packages 1081
33.3 A Stack Implementation 1081
33.4 Hiding The Representation: The Private Story 1085
33.5 Exceptions 1088
33.6 Tasks 1091
33.7 From Ada To Ada 95 1092
33.8 Key Concepts Introduced In This Chapter 1097
33.9 Bibliographical Notes 1097
Exercises 1098
Chapter 34: Emulating Object Technology In Non-O-O
Environments 1099
34.1 Levels Of Language Support 1099
34.2 Object-Oriented Programming In Pascal? 1100
34.3 Fortran 1102
34.4 Object-Oriented Programming And C 1106
34.5 Bibliographical Notes 1112
Exercises 1112
Chapter 35: Simula To Java And Beyond: Major O-O Languages
And Environments 1113
35.1 Simula 1113
35.2 Smalltalk 1126
35.3 Lisp Extensions 1130
35.4 C Extensions 1131
35.5 Java 1136
35.6 Other O-O Languages 1137
35.7 Bibliographical Notes 1138
Exercises 1139
Part G: Doing It Right 1141
Chapter 36: An Object-Oriented Environment 1143
36.1 Components 1143
36.2 The Language 1144
36.3 The Compilation Technology 1144
36.4 Tools 1148
36.5 Libraries 1150
36.6 Interface Mechanisms 1152
36.7 Bibliographical Notes 1160
Epilogue, In Full Frankness Exposing The Language 1161
Part H: Appendices 1163
Appendix A: Extracts From The Base Libraries 1165
Appendix B: Genericity Versus Inheritance 1167
B.1 Genericity 1168
B.2 Inheritance 1173
B.3 Emulating Inheritance With Genericity 1175
B.4 Emulating Genericity With Inheritance 1176
B.5 Combining Genericity And Inheritance 1184
B.6 Key Concepts Introduced In This Appendix 1187
B.7 Bibliographical Notes 1188
Exercises 1188
Appendix C: Principles, Rules, Precepts And Definitions 1189
Appendix D: A Glossary Of Object Technology 1193
Appendix E: Bibliography 1203
E.1 Works By Other Authors 1203
E.2 Works By The Author Of The Present Book 1221
Index 1225
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